Respiration: process by which living organisms exchange gases with their environment.
Subprocesses:
Ventilation: exchange of air into the respiratory organ
Inhalation
exhalation
External respiration : gas exchange between air and blood by diffusion
internal respiration: gas…
The alimentary canal has 3 parts:
Foregut: oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach
Midgut: small intestine
Hindgut: large intestine – caecum, colon, rectum
Humans are heterotrophic omnivores. -> gut processes many kinds of food
Enzymes:
cleave the chemical bonds of macromolecules…
Nutrition: The process by which living organisms obtain food necessary for metabolism.
The stages of nutrition are ingestion of nutrients, digestion, absorption and the elimination of wastes.
Nutrient: materials needed to maintain life functions
Nutriment (food) = nutrients + indigestible…
Skeletal muscles:
make up nearly half the body weight of an adult
contraction: need E + O2 -> rich blood supply
functions: active movement, heat generation, stores glycogen
Structure:
cells = muscle fibres:
long, have many nuclei
contain myofibrils – contractile…
I. Types of bones
a) long bones
E.g.: femur, tibia, fibula, humerus, radius, ulna
b) flat bones
E.g.: scapula bones of the skull
II. Structure of bones
cartilage
at the end of long…
